The concept of pedagogical content knowledge, which shulman introduced as a hypothesis as president of the american educational research association in 1985, became popular very quickly. Teachers pedagogical content knowledge pck is highly important for effective design and implementation of school. Shulman and his colleagues 1986, 1987 aptly named it pedagogical content knowledge, which signi. American educational research association is collaborating. This framework builds on lee shulmans construct of pedagogical content knowledge pck to include technology knowledge. Ron brandt jpt the early 1980s, educators were i excited because we seemed to. The domain of teachers knowledge identified by shulman 1987, which he termed as pedagogic content knowledge, made the distinction between knowing the content for oneself and knowing it with. At danilack, we honour shulman s theory but believe there is a. It includes knowledge of concepts, theories, ideas, organisational framework, and evidence and proof, as well as the practices and approaches that lead to developing such knowledge shulman, 1987. Shulman 1986 claimed that the emphases on teachers subject matter knowledge and pedagogy were being treated as mutually exclusive. This article reports the authorsefforts to develop a practicebased theory of content knowledge for teaching built on shulmans 1986 notion of pedagogical content knowledge.
Teachers pedagogical knowledge and the teaching profession background report and project objectives. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Shulman is professor of education and affiliate professor of psychology at the school of educa tion, stanford university, stanford, ca 94305. Deborah loewenberg ball, mark hoover thames, and geoffrey phelps. This article reports the authors efforts to develop a practicebased theory of content knowledge for teaching built on shulmans 1986 notion. Pedagogical content knowledge of art teachers in teaching. This article describes some issues related to the development of test items to assess pedagogical content knowledge for an elementary teacher licensure test, the connecticut.
An exploratory study this paper discusses the efforts of a group of researchers at the university of michigan to develop surveybased measures of what lee s. Researchers around the world probed the mathematical knowledge needed for teaching and began to. Lee shulman 1986 who proposed the concept of pck, describes it as teachers understanding of the most useful forms of representation of the most powerful. This study examines the organization, and utilization of pedagogical content knowledge by beginning art teachers. Pdf teachers content knowledge and pedagogical content. Pedagogical content knowledge for teaching primary. Pedagogical content knowledge also includes an understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficult. However, little is known about how teacher education affects. To address this dichotomy, he introduced the notion of pedagogical content knowledge that includes pedagogical knowledge and. Both types of knowledge have been shown to affect teachers instructional practice as well as student learning in the. Pedagogical content knowledge pck and content knowledge ck are key components of teacher competence that affect student progress. Shulman 1987 defined pedagogical content knowledge pck as. Teachers knowledge base categories adapted from shulman, 1987. Based on shulman 1986, pedagogical content knowledge is the core of the most important teacher knowledge.
A conversation with lee shulman stanford professor lee shulman reflects on the limitations of generalizations about effective teaching and describes how case histories specific stories about classroom experience can enrich our collective wisdom of practice. Pedagogical content knowledge lee shulman, goldston. As the concept of pedagogical content knowledge caught on, it was in need of theoretical development, analytic clarification, and empirical testing. The role of pedagogical and subject matter knowledge in. The rhetoric regarding the knowledge base, however, rarely specifies the char acter of such knowledge. He believed that teacher education programs should combine the two knowledge fields.
Shulman pedagogical content knowledge rebecca west burns. Measuring teachers pedagogical content knowledge in. Paradigms and research programs for the study of teaching. Shulman 1987 calls this pedagogical content knowledge. In this essay, shulman makes a case that teaching has a knowledge base. The knowledge of teaching pedagogical content knowledge. Association for the education of teachers in science. What is technological pedagogical content knowledge. Within the category of pedagogical content knowledge i include, for the most regularly taught topics in ones subject area, the most useful forms of representation of those ideas, the most powerful analogies. To address this dichotomy, he introduced the notion of pedagogical content knowledge pck that. The author of these reflections has not developed the research needed yet, but suggests finding out a solution for. It is the particular form of content knowledge that embodies the aspects of content most germane to its. Pedagogical content knowledge, discourse, intercultural awareness since shulmans 1986 seminal work, a rich collection of theories and measures of mathematics pedagogical content knowledge pck continues to grow e. Group 1986 an d the carnegie task forc 1986e rest on this belief and further, more, claim that th e knowledge base is growing.
Shulman 1986 also stressed the need for teachers to know their students. Pedagogical content knowledge, or pck, as it is often called, is a construct coined by lee shulman 1938 in the mid1980s to emphasize the importance of studying teacher professional knowledge, and teacher knowledge of subject matter in particular. Shulman called this knowledge pck and described it as a special amalgam of content and pedagogy that is uniquely the province of teachers, their own. Frameworks for representing science teachers pedagogical. Shulman 1986 introduced the concept of pck in the field of teacher education and stated that teachers.
A key feature of these new conceptions is the proposition that pedagogical content knowledge is an important category of the knowledge base for teaching shulman, 1987a. The influence of the pedagogical content knowledge. Show pdf in full window full text pdf free to you references. They tha argu itt shoule d frame teacher education and directly inform teaching practice. Other components of teacher content knowledge discussed by shulman 1986 were subject matter knowledge and curricular knowledge. A research status of pedagogiacal content knowledge pedagogical content knowledge pck is a powerful construct to guide researchers and teacher educators in terms of which type of knowledge teachers have friedrichsen, 2008. The pedagogical knowledge of the subject matter is different from one another.
Shulman 1986a, 1986b, 1987 reports various studies showing that teachers possess high levels of pedagogical content knowledge. He argues that teaching requires knowledge of the content, knowledge of pedagogy, and knowledge o. According to shulman 1986, several domains of knowledge influence how teachers teach. In spite of this lack of agreement, researchers use shulmans model as a basis for research about teachers pck. Shulman, knowledge growth in teaching 1986 dlavertydotcom. This study investigated 40 firstgrade teachers pedagogical content knowledge of chil drens solutions of addition and subtraction word problems. His specializations are teacher education and the cognitive psychology of instruction. Pedagogical content knowledge shulman 1986 conceptualized the knowledge of contentarea specialists that is necessary for effective teaching. The knowledge bases are content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, curriculum knowledge, pck, knowledge of learners and their characteristics, knowledge of educational contest and. Pedagogical content knowledge in 1986, shulman claimed that the emphases on teachers subject knowledge and pedagogy were being treated as mutually exclusive.
It was defined as a second kind of content knowledge shulman, 1986, p. Nature, sources and development of pedagogical content knowledge for science teaching. Pedagogical content knowledge pck was first intro duced by shulman 1986, 1987 and defined as teachers ways of representing and formulating the subject. Shulman hoped for tests of pedagogical content knowledge that truly measured those special skills that teachers have, skills that nonteaching content experts would not pass. The term pedagogical content knowledge was introduced into the discourse of teacher education in shulmans 1985 presidential address to the american educational research association. Pck is subject matter knowledge for teaching that includes both an. Frameworks for representing science teachers pedagogical content knowledge introduction one of the tasks of the science teacher is to help students to understand some of the content knowledge of science. Pck with reference to shulman 1986, 1987 in principle corresponds to fachdidaktisches wissen that is rather familiar in germanspeaking countries. Educational researcher, 152, 414 in his 1986 publication, knowledge growth in teaching, lee shulman introduces and outlines the concept of pedagogical content knowledge pck and proposes a theoretical framework for its development. Uncovering the special mathematical work of teaching. The effect of content knowledge on pedagogical content. Shulman 1987 rationalised that teachers need seven knowledge bases in order to teach effectively and successfully. Teacher tests began including items intended to assess teachers pck, researchers began proposing projects to document such knowledge. Examining pedagogical content knowledge shulman 1987 defined pedagogical content knowledge pck as the blending of content and pedagogy into an understanding of how particular topics, problems, or issues are organized, represented, and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities of learners, and presented for instruction shulman, 1987, p8.
Measuring pedagogical content knowledge of argumentation. The role of pedagogical and subject matter knowledge in preservic. The 1994 association for the education of teachers in science yearbook. The measurement challenges of such an approach are formidable, but continuing towards that goal should strengthen teacher education programs while also improving the. Shulman defines pedagogical content knowledge as the knowledge of how to. Measuring teachers pedagogical content knowledge in surveys. Stimulated by shulmans ideas, a growing body of teacher research has since addressed 460398. Teachers content knowledge and pedagogical content. Knowledge for teaching lawlor 1990 describes the medieval view of teaching as one where only subject knowledge is necessary. Pedagogical content knowledge pck is a fundamental types of knowledge for a teacher that he or she must use in order to plan teaching, task, assess students thinking, understand students. Teachers pedagogical content knowledge of students. Pdf pedagogical content knowledge pck plays an important. The first key study on teacher knowledge shulman, 1987 categorised teacher knowledge into 7. Recently, shulman 1986a, 1986b proposed a framework for.
Pedagogical content knowledge in the context of foreign. Roles of domain expertise and pedagogical knowledge. According to shulman 1986 pedagogical content knowledge. The development of tpack by teachers is critical to effective teaching.